What Deviance Is Today s Society Essay - 1081 Words

What defines deviance in today’s society? Is it the abnormal things that people don’t usually do or is it just criminal behavior? Deviance has brought up many questions on what could be defined as it. Deviance is usually shaped by society. It can be defined as the violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law (OpenStax 142). Sociologist want to see why deviance has so many different areas and how it effects a group in a society. For example, deviance can be a male cross dressing as a female or female making a scene on public transportation. It all goes about on how people see things that is not acceptable to society. In a sense, it’s like social control. Social control can be defined as the regulation and enforcement of norms (OpenStax 144). Social Control lies under social order to make sure everything is maintained. For example, when you have a job and you violate the guidelines, the boss usually steps in to enforce them. Deviance can be viewed in three different theoretical views. These views are functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Whether an act is labeled deviant or not depends on many factors, including location, audience, and the individual committing the act (Becker 1963) (OpenStax 143). Functionalism can be defined as the different elements that can contribute to a society as a whole. For example, someone who is homosexual would be considered deviant. Society sees that a homosexualShow MoreRelatedDeviance : Deviance And Deviance1335 Words   |  6 Pages Deviance is defined as the fact or state of departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior. There are many different forms of deviance in today s society. Something that is viewed as being deviant in one culture might be seen as normal in another. There are many different types and theories in which define deviance, however their are 3 broad categories, these 3 categories are positivist, relativist, and critical conceptions of deviance. These 3 categories areRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Deviance And Eugenics1542 Words   |  7 Pages GEISY COBAS SOCIOLOGY 443 ANALYSIS PAPER THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF DEVIANCE AND EUGENICS â€Æ' ABSTRACT In this paper I will be analyzing the social construct of deviance and the topic of Eugenics theoretically, and how this practice transitioned from being deviant back in the early 20th century to a modern technology that can be used to help parents have healthy children. I will use different scholarly sources to compare and review different positions in the theories used as they relate toRead MoreSocial Deviance951 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Deviance Compiled by Parul Parihar As Young and Mack have pointed out, â€Å"No norm is always obeyed; no individual always conforms to every set of expectations†. Hence, deviance, that is, the act of going against the rules or norms is there everywhere. Deviant Behaviour such as knavery, cheating, adultery, unfairness, crime, malingering, immorality, dishonesty, betrayal, burglary, corruption, cunningness, sneakiness, wickednessRead MorePositive Functions of Deviance1641 Words   |  7 Pageshear of the word â€Å"deviance†, what we immediately think of is something that is negative, something you would not want to be associated with, that is, we think of universally unaccepted things like murder and rape, or we think of the disabled or blind man begging at the street corner. As a result we view deviance as something that should be removed from society and once society becomes free of deviance, it becomes healthy and close to perfect. According to Aggleton (1987: 7), â€Å"deviance could be definedRea d MoreWhat is Deviance? Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pages Deviance can be defined as an absence of conformity to the social norm. Not all deviant behavior is necessarily illegal or harmful to individuals, these behaviors can range from standing in another’s personal space to murdering another individual. In some cases, it can be looked upon as a positive change or a unique and favorable act. Although, considered deviant because it is not the social norm, it still can have a very positive social aspect or lead to social change. Culture and the societiesRead MoreBiography of Emile Durkheim1258 Words   |  6 Pageshe then continued with his work however he eventually died, in Paris, on November 15th, 1917. He was, and is still today, one of the many key thinkers in the field of criminology. Durkheim said himself that it was mainly influenced by the philosopher August Comte. He wrote about ten books though is probably best known for his books on ‘suicide’ and â €˜the division of labour in society’. Four extra pieces of work were published posthumously. Durkheim attended Collà ¨ge d Epinal where he was soRead MoreProstitution as a Form of Deviance Essay examples634 Words   |  3 PagesProstitution as a Form of Deviance In sociology, the term deviance refers to all violations of social rules, regardless of their seriousness (Essentials of Sociology 136). Deviance is an individual or organizational behavior that violates societal norms and is usually accompanied by negative reactions from others. According to a sociologist S. Becker, he stated that it is not the act itself that makes an action deviant, but rather how society reacts to it. A particular state of being thatRead MoreComparing The Ideas Of Edwin Sutherland1257 Words   |  6 PagesComparing the ideas of Edwin Sutherland from his 1940 publication of White-Collar Criminality with attitudes towards crime in the world today, specifically in George Ritzer’s Essentials of Sociology textbook, I believe that Sutherland would be fairly happy with the treatment of crime. The textbook’s treatment of the topic of crime aligns very well with Sutherland’s outlook. Ideas of crime seemed to be treated fairly in the text, avoiding the classic pitfalls of saying that crime is always associatedRead MoreLabelling Theory And Its Impact On Society1629 Words   |  7 Pageshighlight the main features of the labelling theory and evaluate its contribution to the research of crime and deviance. The labelling theory gets to be overwhelming in the 1960s and 1970s when it was utilized as a sociological idea of crime compelling in testing orthodox positivist criminology. The key individuals to this theory were Becker and Lemert. The establishments of this viewpoint of deviance are said to have been initially settled by Lemert, (1951) and were in this manner created by Becker, (1963)Read MoreEver Since The Beginning Of Time, Humans Needed Some Type1256 Words   |  6 Pagesenforcing norms: rules of behavior that are considered acceptable in a group or society. One thing that has seemed to be unacceptable and out of the norms in the past and a huge controversial topic was someone’s sexuality. Homosexulity is a very controversial topic, years ago and even today, there are many mixed feelings and different opinions, but one thing that is for sure, is that times have really changed since then, what it’s like to identify as LGBT in America. A news article that was jus t published

Surah Fatiha Free Essays

Surah Fatiha is the first surah of the quran. This surah is also called†The Mother of the Quran†. Surah Fatiha is considered as a summarized surah of the Quran. We will write a custom essay sample on Surah Fatiha or any similar topic only for you Order Now We recite Surah Fatiha 17times a day in our 5 time prayers.† When the Prophet Muhammad ? said to a companion that he would teach him the greatest chapter in the Quran, he recited Surah Al Fatihah† The Prophet Muhammad ? said that â€Å"Whoever does not recite Surah Al Fatihah in his prayer, his prayer is invalid†. This Surah is a condition for the effectiveness of the prayer. It is the Makki Surah of the Holy Quran, which means that it was revealed on the Prophet Muhammad(PBUH) while He was in Makkah. It was initially the 5th chapter to be disclosed but after Furqan e Hameed was assembled together, it was put at the beginning.Surah Al-Fatiha itself means â€Å"The Opening† as this chapter comes right at the start of the Holy Book. Moreover, it also serves as the starting of Salah. It also has the honor of being the very first Surah that is made known completely. Although it consists of 7 Ayats only, but it still explains the Veneration of the Almighty in a very comprehensive fashion and also is a great means of supplication of asking Allah for keeping one on the right path.Virtues of Surah FatihaThere are many virtues associated with this Surah. Hazrat Abu Saeed al-Khudri narrates: â€Å"While on a journey we halted at a place. A girl came to us and said: â€Å"The chief of this tribe has been stung by a scorpion and our men are not present, is there anybody amongst you who can recite something upon him to treat him?† Then, one of our men went along with her although we did not think that he knew any such treatment. However, our friend went to the chief and recited something upon him and the chief was cured. Thereupon, the chief gave him thirty sheep and gave us all milk to drink. When he returned, we asked our friend: â€Å"Did you know anything to recite upon him to cure him?† He said: â€Å"No, I only recited Umm al-Kitab (i.e. Surah al-Fatiha) upon him.† We said that do not do anything until we reach Madinah and ask the Prophet regarding this (practice and rewardwhether the sheep were lawful or not for us). Upon reaching Madinah, we narrated this to the Prophet (PBUH), whereupon he remarked: â€Å"How did he come to know that Al-Fatiha can be used as a cure? (PBUH) Distribute your reward amongst yourselves and a lot a share for me as well†.† (Sahih Bukhari)Theme of Surah FatihaThe essence of the Quran is Surah Fatiha. Surah fatiha is paired surah. It can be recited alone but you cannot start reciting other surah before Surah Fatiha, we must have to recite Surah Fatiha and then the other Surah of the Quran. Prophet Muhammad(PBUH) said† The greatest i can recite is Surah Fatiha. This surah has a mind boogling tafseer and its impact on human life is great. This is the only surah on which Allah Himself commented, there is no other surah than this on which Alllah commented. Surah Fatiha starts with the praise of Allah and ends with a dua that Allah guide us the path on which your mercy is bestowed not the opposite of this. Brief Tafseer of Surah Fatiha1)In the Name of Allah The first ayah of Surah Fatiha is: In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Most Merciful. (Al-Fatiha: This phrase is known as the bismillah. It is good to recite it before doing any action.Surah Fatiha is the surah which makes every muslim wheather he is Aalim(Scholar), or Jahil, man or woman to accept that they dont to how to live life.If you accept that you know nothing than Surah Fatiha is the guidance surah, which shows how to live a perfect life, which path to follow and who to obey. All Praise is due to Allah The second ayah is: All praise be to Allah, the Lord of all the worlds. (Al-Fatiha: 2) The Meaning of Hamd and the Difference between Hamd and Shukr Hamd means praise and also thankfulness. The scholars differed as to the relation between the words hamd and shukr. Some said that they both have the same meaning. So, the meaning of hamd, in their view, is the same as shukr (thankfulness, gratitude). Hamd is something which must be done with love and reverence, but shukr does not need this. Shukr is done in response to a favour which is done to a person but hamd is done simply because the one being praised and thanked is worthy of that. â€Å"Whatever is created in between land and sky is created for a mean but non-muslim dont understand and deny the existence of Allah. If we ponder in the universe we see the huge and perfectly creation of everything so we came to conclusion that who created perfect design of a universe must be a perfect creator and surely these people are the best who know their God. The word Rab which means master of the master in terms of having full knowledge of each and everything. The Beneficent, The Most Merciful The third ayah is: The Beneficent, The Most Merciful. (Al-Fatih: 3) We see that these two words are already mentioned above and now they are mentioned again. The previous ayah mentioned that Allah is the Rab of the mankind. So again in this ayah it says the Ar-rehman and Raheem which means Allah being the Rab of the Mankind is all part of mercy for us, Allah is one who loves humans 70times more than a mother’s love. Master of the Day of Reward The fourth ayah is: The Only Owner of the Day of Recompense. (Al-Fatiha: 4) Malik which means king, the dominion of a person. In this ayah we clearly see that Allah is the lord of the mankind. At the day of judgement when all mankind will be gathered and each person will be either rewarded or punished on their deeds. We see that Allah is the one who will have absolute power on the day of judgment and no other creation will hold such power to resist the enforcement of punishments that He decrees or to prevent anyone from receiving the rewards that He decides to confer. You (Alone) We Worship The fifth ayah is: You (alone) we worship and You (alone) we ask for help. (Al-Fatiha: 5) This is the middle of the surah and the shift of the surah. At this point there is a great shift in the surah. In previous 3 ayah we already praised Allah. Allah says this ayah is now between Me and my worshipper, I will give my worshipper whatever he/she asks for. â€Å"We worship† means we obey. Worship is obedience and self-abasement. It means to humble yourself before Allah (SWT) and to submit to His Will. Outwardly it is self-abasement, but in reality, it is glory and beautification. The ayah affirms the Lordship of Allah and affirms that worship is due to Him. â€Å"Iyyaaka nasta’een† means we seek help, support and success. Usually, in most sentences the verb comes first and then the object; but in this ayah the object of the verb is mentioned first and then the verb. So why is this? It is in order to attach importance to it, to Allah (SWT). It also refers the status of the slave and his worship which is lower so it will come after mentioning the Lord, Allah (SWT). Guide us on the Straight Path The sixth ayah is: Guide us on the Straight Path. (Al-Fatiha: 6) In previous ayah as Allah mentioned that whatever my worshipper will ask I will give him. So whats better than to ask Allah to guide us the straigth path, guide us the path which will benefit us in this world and in the hereafter. For example in normal life when we visit some new often we often need someone to guide us to the destination so we ask someone and he illustrates us the directions. But in this ayah we ask Allah to hold our hands and guide us the path like hold our hands and take us the right place we are looking for. The word seerat means road or a path. But whats the difference between seerat and tareeq or sabeel? Seerat is a road on which we go and get our goals, it is the shortest road with great space for everyone to join. The word Mustaqeem also means straight path, which emphasis the straightness of the path. It means to remain firm and stand without tilting. We should avoid to fall and follow the wrong path. The Path of Those†¦ The seventh and final ayah is: The path of those you have blessed, not of those with anger on them, nor of those who are astray. (Al-Fatiha: 7) As it is mentioned in the previous ayah that guide us the straight path, so there must be a choice of a path which we want Allah to guide us, which path is that? It is the path on which Allah has granted his blessed but not his anger. Whosoever obeys Allah, and the Messenger, they are with those whom Allah has favored, the Prophets, the sincere, the martyrs and the righteous, and these are the best company. (Al-Nisa’: 69)So, the favored and blessed people are the Prophets, the righteous, the martyrs and the pious. And who are the people with anger on them and those who are astray? This is explained by the Prophet. ‘Adi ibn Hatim (RA) asked him about those with anger on them and he replied that it refers to the Jews. He then asked him about those who are astray and he replied that it refers to the Christians. This is reported by al-Tirmidhi and is authentic How to cite Surah Fatiha, Papers

Hemingway And Symbolism Essay Research Paper Ernest free essay sample

Hemingway And Symbolism Essay, Research Paper Ernest Hemingway and Symbolism Ernest Miller Hemingway is a well-known American writer who wrote in the 20th century. He has written several novels such as, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea. The Sun Besides Rises was finished on April 1, 1926 and was published in October of 1926. The Sun Besides Rises was Hemingway # 8217 ; s look of his ain life. He had changed the names of his friends and some of the inside informations, but the existent individualities of the characters were obvious to anyone in Paris. The Sun Besides Rises encapsulates the angst of the post-World War I coevals, know as the Lost Generation. This affectingly beautiful narrative of a group of American and English expatriates on a visit from Paris to Pamplona represents a dramatic measure frontward for Hemingway # 8217 ; s germinating manner. Having Left Bank Paris in the 1920 # 8217 ; s and viciously realistic descriptions of bullfighting in Spain, the narrative is about the showy Lady Brett Ashley and the miserable Jake Barnes. We will write a custom essay sample on Hemingway And Symbolism Essay Research Paper Ernest or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ernest Miller Hemingway is an American writer who has penned several novels and short narratives ; one of his plant is The Sun Besides Rises. Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois. Hemingway was raised with the conservative Midwestern values of strong faith, difficult work, physical fittingness and self-government ; if one adhered to these parametric quantities, he was taught, he would be ensured of success in whatever field he chose. As a male child, he was taught by his male parent to run and angle. When he wasn # 8217 ; t runing or angling his female parent taught him the finer points of music. Hemingway neer had a bent for music and suffered through choir patterns and cello lessons, nevertheless the musical cognition he acquired from his female parent helped him portion in his first married woman Hadley # 8217 ; s involvement in the piano. Hemingway received his formal schooling in the Oak Park public school system. In high school he was mediocre at athleticss, playing football, swimming, H2O hoops and functioning as the path squad director. He besides worked on the school newspaper called the Trapeze. Hemingway graduated in the spring of 1917 and alternatively of traveling to college the following autumn like his parents expected ; he took a occupation as a newsman for the Kansas City Star. Hemingway signed up as a voluntary ambulance driver for the Red Cross during WWI. He was accepted in December of 1917, left his occupation at the paper in April of 1918, and sailed for Europe in May. When Hemingway returned place from Italy in January of 1919 he found Oak Park dull compared to the escapades of war. With a missive of debut from Sherwood Anderson, Hemingway met some of Paris # 8217 ; outstanding authors and creative persons and forged speedy friendly relationships with them during his foremost few old ages. Counted among those friends were Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Sylvia Beach, James Joyce, Max Eastman, Lincoln Steffens and Wyndahm Lewis, and he was acquainted with the painters Miro and Picasso. Hemingway was inspired to compose different plants at different times because of the events that occured in his life. Hemingway died July 2, 1961, at his place, as the consequence of self-inflicted gunshot lesions. Ernest Hemingway had a different manner of composing than the other writers in his clip. # 8220 ; The Sun Besides Rises is the book that established Hemingway as a literary force and it introduced the universe to the Lost Generation # 8221 ; . The Lost Generation is referred to as the disillusioned that fought in the war. # 8220 ; Two of the novel # 8217 ; s chief characters, Lady Brett Ashley and Jake Barnes, epitomize the Lost Generation # 8221 ; . # 8220 ; This book has a batch of thematic issues, but the reader truly needs to believe to be able to pick up on all of them # 8221 ; . Friendship, stolidity, and natural grace under force per unit area are offered as the values that affair in an otherwise amoral often-senseless universe. # 8220 ; His head is set on composing merely # 8221 ; . The lone thing Hemingway thought approximately was composing and completing The Sun Besides Rises. # 8220 ; The authorship is as strong and powerful as a Swift boot to the caput # 8221 ; . This quotation mark is mentioning to Hemingway # 8217 ; s strong and complex manner of authorship. # 8220 ; Hemingway writes about the boringness of mundane life but it is interesting at the accent on imbibing during the age of prohibition # 8221 ; . # 8220 ; The lone weakness is that the messages he delivers are a small empty in that we know he delivers them in a manner that we like. His ethical motives are difficult to understand unless you can accomplish his province of head. The chief characters of the novel are Jake Barnes, Brett Ashley, Robert Cohn, and Pedro Romero. While the characters are realistically drawn, each has a kind of representative quality that defines his or her relationship with the group and with the age in which the novel is set. Jake Barnes has his war lesion, which robs him of the ability to hold sex though non the desire ; he is capable of endurance and communicating though non regeneration. Robert Cohn # 8217 ; s Jewishness marks him for exclusion and underlines the snobbery of this circle even in its evident informality. However, he is alienated more by his obstinate gallantry and romanticism, expressed in his changeless earnestness and his obsessional fond regard to Brett. Brett is the promiscuous femme fatale ; Mike is the indiscreet alcoholic ; Bill Gorton is the perceptive jokester ( who makes the sustained mention to stuffed Canis familiariss ) . The overall secret plan concern of apprehension is summarized by the minor but of import character of the count: # 8221 ; That is the secret. You must acquire to cognize the values # 8221 ; . He has searched for intending all of his life and has found it in understanding the values. Most of the other characters have yet to happen the values. Jake is still stuck in the past, unable to acquire beyond the permanency of his war lesion. Yet, he can still visualize of future with Brett. Brett, who will ever stay in her conquerings # 8217 ; memories, is seeking to bury herself in drink and meaningless sex. In malice of this, she can clearly and accurately visualise the improbableness of any hereafter with Jake. One of the chief subjects of The Sun Besides Rises is powerlessness. Not merely Jake # 8217 ; s physical powerlessness, but besides the impotence of the bull in the face of its at hand cruel decease, the characters # 8217 ; barrenness of emotion and deficiency of sensitiveness, their ineffectualness, alcohol addiction, and failure to work out so me kind of meaningful â€Å"personal philosophy† and an â€Å"exhausted cynicism # 8221 ; . Hemingway shows war lesions as the destroyer of love: Jake pursues love without sex and Brett pursues sex without love. Other subjects found under the umbrella of powerlessness are: deficiency of household, rootlessness, nihilism, and disaffection, being from someplace else and being cut off from the yesteryear. It is the cyclical nature of the novel, heralded in the 2nd epigraph ( from Ecclesiastics ) : # 8220 ; One coevals passeth off, and another coevals cometh ; but the Earth abideth everlastingly. . . The Sun besides riseth, and the Sun goeth down. . . All the rivers run into the sea. . . unto the topographic point from whence the rivers come, thither they return again. # 8221 ; The Sun Besides Rises was Hemingway # 8217 ; s best-selling novel and is still a popular book today. The Sun Besides Rises was about the events that were taking topographic point in Hemingway # 8217 ; s life. The Sun Besides Rises can be related to existent life by accepting the fact that it was written from a adult male # 8217 ; s existent life experience. The symbolism in A Farewell to Arms is really much apparent. Ernest Hemingway has ever been one who is large on the symbolism of dark as being bad. To the chief character in Hemingway # 8217 ; s novels, darks have ever been a mark of decease, or something negative to go on. Another one of the symbolisms in A Farewell to Arms is when Henry tries to flight from the Italian ground forces by leaping off one of the ships the ground forces was going on and running off from the ground forces. This symbolism was the H2O that he jumped into was a symbolism of the new, clean life that he was traveling to populate from now on. At this clip, Henry goes off and finds his married woman to be. The stuff objects that Hemingway uses to convey the subject are beer, the good and bad hillsides, and a railway station between two paths. The beer represents the twosome # 8217 ; s, # 8220 ; the American # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; the miss # 8217 ; s # 8221 ; , usual modus operandi activity they do together. This bothers the miss because # 8220 ; that # 8217 ; s all [ they ] do # 8230 ; expression at things and seek new drinks. # 8221 ; This shows that the miss is tired of making the same thing and wants to make something different, like holding a babe and a household, alternatively of gulling around all the clip. She wants to halt being a miss and go a adult female. Hemingway so nowadayss the reader with two contrasting hills. One hill on one side of the station is dull, desolate, and wastes ; # 8220 ; it had no shadiness and no trees # 8221 ; , really desert like. However, the other hill on the other side of the station is beautiful, plentiful in nature, and had # 8220 ; Fieldss of grain and braid along the Bankss of the Ebro River. # 8221 ; Besides on each side of the station where each hill is, there is a train path. These objects are symbolic devices fix the reader in recognizing that the characters are in a topographic point of determination. The railway station is a topographic point of determination where 1 must make up ones mind to travel one manner or the other. The paths symbolize either determination that the miss must do. By the expressions of the environment around each path, it is clear what sort of finish each path leads to. This proves that the miss must make up ones mind whether she wants her organic structure and life to go wastes and desolate or plentiful and beautiful. If she chooses abortion, so, of class, she will take the path with the desolate hills because her organic structure will go a waste desert where no life will stay. On the other manus if she wants to hold the babe, she will take the path which is surrounded by the plentiful and beautiful hills, because her organic structure will be a genisis. Either manner, this clearly conveys the subject of abortion by demoing that the miss must do a life or decease determination. Along with symbolic objects, three symbolic characters further develop the subject of abortion. The three characters are # 8220 ; the miss # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; the American # 8221 ; , and # 8220 ; the woman. # 8221 ; The miss symbolizes youth, artlessness, and na? vety. She is nescient to her concluding determination of holding an abortion, because she is so immature and is still in the premier of her life, sing new things mundane. Hemingway uses her to demo a immature pregnant miss seeking to make up ones mind if holding the babe will destroy her juvenility, ruin her relationship, or in contrast make her a adult female. She is acquiring tired of the same old modus operandi, mentioned before, so her pick is to make something different, to hold the babe, to go a adult female, and leave her infantile ways for good. The lone thing that bases in her manner of her determination is # 8220 ; the American. # 8221 ; The American symbolizes an individualist who wants to make things his manner. Normally Americans have a laid dorsum attitude and Don # 8217 ; t want to mess with anything complicated, as does the American in this narrative. The American supports the subject by opposing the miss and stating that the babe # 8220 ; is the lone thing that fusss # 8221 ; them. He talks of a certain simple # 8220 ; Operation # 8221 ; in which the physicians will merely # 8220 ; allow the air in. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; The American [ # 8216 ; s ] # 8221 ; talk of the # 8220 ; Operation # 8221 ; farther justifies abortion as the subject because the physicians seting the air inside of her, referrs to taking a foetus out of her uterus. The adult male is more concerned with the effects of the babe destroying his life more than hers due to the fact that the adult male says the babe is the lone thing that # 8220 ; fusss [ them ] , when in actuality the adult female approves of the babe. This besides proves the # 8220 ; Operation # 8221 ; is an abortion because the usual instance of abortions is: a adult female gets pregnant, so the adult male gets scared, and tells the adult female to acquire an abortion because the babe will destroy both of their lives. Next is the character of the adult female who shows contrast, and supports the qualities of # 8220 ; the miss # 8221 ; . She is called # 8220 ; the adult female # 8221 ; because she is older, and the reader is to presume, wiser, and experienced. The # 8220 ; girl # 8221 ; negotiations about # 8220 ; holding a all right clip # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; seeking new drinks # 8221 ; which shows that she is still immature, populating a life of easiness, sing a batch of things, where as the adult female brings these # 8220 ; new drinks # 8221 ; to the miss. This displays the adult female as mature, older, and experienced because she is working alternatively of # 8220 ; seeking new drinks # 8221 ; , and # 8220 ; holding a all right time. # 8221 ; She is no longer yound at leisure seeking new drinks, she is working seeking to gain a life. She is an indirect supportive device of the subject in that she the opposite image of what the miss is. The adult female further defines the symbolic qualities of the miss, in other words.

The historians perils Essay Example For Students

The historians perils Essay The objective of most higher-level education in general, and specifically of liberal education, is often misunderstood. The goal is not necessarily in direct preparation for a particular skill or for employment, but instead has a more indirect aim of instilling knowledge, frames of reference and the ability to think and express oneself. History is particularly rich in the opportunity it offers for learning how to think, owing in part to the challenges inherent in its subject matter and to the strong tradition among historians of cultivating the general powers of intellect. The techniques of historical study and thinking, exacting as they are, nonetheless have a high â€Å"carry-over† value for other subjects and activities. As such, one cannot help but appreciate the historian’s unique plight, and subsequently to see the value in his work as applied to all our lives, as human beings. To begin, we must understand and accept that â€Å"History is constructed reality† (Burnstyn, 19870), given the simple fact that neither the historian nor the scholar has direct, first-hand knowledge of the events he is studying. As such, he is compelled to refer to documents, statements, or other evidence that pre-dates him and that he assumes represents the past, giving him some insight as to what took place. The trouble is that no single artifact is entirely representative of a time or place. Rather, it is the result of, and is equally subject to, individual interpretations at one particular instance in time. The evidence then, cannot intrinsically or independently reflect any given event or its context. It requires the discerning, well-versed historian to give it â€Å"meaning† by attempting to deduce the circumstances under which the artifact came to be, and what the particular piece really does represent. In attempting to do this, the historian endeavors to reconstruct reality by factoring in various principles and other sources of information, res ulting in a cohesive sum wholly different from any of its parts. This reconstructive process is a perilous one, fraught with potential for misinterpretation and/or misuse of the facts. The ambiguity of the â€Å"facts† themselves are clearly problematic, but more so are the ways those facts are discovered and subsequently presented. How does a historian know when he has reached genuine testimony of an event that transpired before he himself had even existed? Pictures can lie, and printed matter can be partisan though commonly accepted as being true likenesses of their subjects, photographs and portraits (the former more so than the latter), are actually only indicative of what either the subject or the artist wanted others to see. Bearing this caveat in mind, pictures then become subject to the same scrutiny as any other piece of evidence, so much so that examining the angle, focus, location and pose of pictures becomes more revealing than perhaps the picture itself. Think a bout it: why was this subject or information deemed important enough to paint or take a picture of, and by whom? For what purpose and/or audience was it intended, and how if at all, did that intention differ from it’s actual use? What was going on around the subject that didn’t get captured in the picture? With any of these questions left unanswered, it becomes apparent that though a picture may well be worth a thousand words, they can still only tell half the story. We will write a custom essay on The historians perils specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Clearly then, the historian must approach his search for knowledge with a critical eye for potentially misleading information. However, in stripping away the layers of subjectivity that were superimposed on the â€Å"facts† by times, places and people before him, can he simultaneously assure that these layers are not replaced with his own assumptions and interpretations in the process? The very search for objective evidence, however noble in intent, necessarily involves some preconceived notions of where to look and what to look for. Subjectivity, a priori assumptions, and hindsight will undoubtedly direct the historian’s focus and research, as well as colour his interpretation of his findings. A very good example of this is the tendency for leaders of governments or movements to use history as propaganda. Much traditional teaching of history has been utilized for indoctrination, particularly for glorifying the national state and conditioning loyalty in children.

Road Traffic Accidents Epidemiology of an Injury

Road Traffic Accidents Epidemiology of an Injury Introduction: Epidemiology, Statistics and Other Related Issues Road accidents will always happen (Bartley, 2008). No matter how well people might learn the basic principles of road regulations and the rules of pedestrian safety, due to the notorious human factor, accidents are practically unavoidable (Cacciabue, 2004). As a result, road injuries will never cease to occur, and, therefore, the guidelines on their efficient handling must be revisited once again.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Road Traffic Accidents: Epidemiology of an Injury specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the rise in the population umber in most cities, the number of road accidents has also increased (Gustavsson, 2008), which cannot but cause concern among the representatives of healthcare services. Despite the attempts that have been undertaken in order to address the issue of road accidents, the number of the latter does not seem to be goin g to decrease any time soon; however, with the help of a new strategy that will allow for the introduction of the basic road safety rules to the target audience, one can possibly bring the rates of bad accidents down a few notches. The given goal can be achieved after a careful analysis of the existing data on the road accidents in the United Kingdom has been carried out and the detailed information concerning the types of road accidents, their number and their victims is acquired. Therefore, the goal of this paper is not only to define the key type of road injuries – although the research will also comment on the given type of data – but also to offer efficient measures to prevent road accidents, as well as handle them fast. Priority Area: The Cost of Human Life In the modern world, human life is the top priority, which all the actions should be centered around (Gostin, 2010). Like in any other research in healthcare, people’s health and well-being is the prior ity of the given paper. As a result, the means to preserve the lives of the people who happened to be in the epicenter of a road accident are being discussed in this paper. One might argue, though, that the superiority of human life is only implied in the given research, while the real focus of the research is the analysis of the statistical data on road accidents across the United Kingdom, as well as the process of working on the strategy for fighting road accidents.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, the research revolves around the aforementioned issues and, in fact, provides the opportunity of studying the social factors causing road accidents along with the data concerning the road injuries, instead of merely specifying the annual number of injuries. As a result, one can easily get the full picture of what causes road accidents, who gets into car crashes and other types of incidents, as well as study the possible social factors inducing these incidents, such as social/family background, workload, etc. However, at the end of the day, these are the prevention measures against road accidents that matter; as a matter of fact, the entire research is aimed at checking whether there are possible means to reduce the amount of road accidents by providing people with detailed instructions on the type of behavior acceptable in places with complex traffic patterns. Thus, it can be assumed that the key priority of the given research revolves around the safety of the people who might be possibly under the threat of getting into a road traffic accident. Road Traffic Accidents Related to the Target Audience Before defining the target audience for the given research, it is necessary to say a couple of words about the people who are affected by the road accidents most. According to what the reports on the UK road accidents say, most of the victim lists consist of the people of 18–50 years (RAS30001 – reported road casualties by road user type and severity, Great Britain, 2005–09 average, annual for latest 5 available years, 2013, June 27). Of course, one might argue that the given number is far too big to make a reasonable conclusion, the problem is actually not with the lack of precision when it comes to the age of the people injured in the road accidents. Instead, the emphasis shifts to the fact that the types of victims range from pedestrians to the ones responsible for the accident themselves (RAS30002 – reported casualties by road user type, age and severity, Great Britain, latest available year, 2013, June 27).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Road Traffic Accidents: Epidemiology of an Injury specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is more than advisable to consider every possible group of people involved into road accidents in order to specify the target audience for the given research (Road traffic injury prevention manual, 2006). Preventive Measures and Their Efficiency: What Needs to Be Changed When choosing the intervention that can possibly work within the chosen setting, one must admit that there are two basic ways to help the people who can possibly suffer from being involved in a road accident or be the victim of the one (Hoye, 2009). To start with, it is crucial that people should spread awareness of road accidents and the necessity to comply with the existing pedestrian safety rules, as well as the rule of the road in general (Peden, 2008). According to the results provided by the data sets, the people who are most prone to road accidents are people aged 18–50 (RAS30004 – Reported road casualties by road user type: Great Britain, quarterly and annual for latest 11 available years, 2011). Since employees and students fall into the given age category, it is most reasonable to int roduce college/university courses and business courses where people are taught the basics of road safety (Kennedy-Smith, 2012). However, as the numerous examples of case studies and researches show, being aware of the dangers of road accidents, as well as knowing the basic ways to avoid these accidents will not necessarily help. Therefore, it will be required to make people aware of what has to be done once a road accident has taken place (Gurgaon doctor raises awareness on first aid for road accident victims, n. d.). As reports show, people tend to move the injured in case of road accidents, which often results in harming the injured person/people even more. Therefore, it is desirable that the basic rules on how to treat the victim of a road accident must be provided for the entire population of the UK.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The given goal can be reached by creating a massive campaign with advertisements and commercials not only on TV, but also in the largest social networks, such as Facebook, Google Plus, Twitter, etc. (Knoxville car accident prevention: Distracted driver awareness month, 2013, April 10). Injury Data for the TA: Minor Discrepancies in the Statistical Information It must be admitted that for the most part, the data provided by the dataset offered by the UK Department of Transport is rather adequate, as well as the manner in which the given data is provided for the audience to consider. However, it cannot be argued that the current data sets still can and must be improved so that the data available for the analysis could be acquired and processed faster and more efficiently. To be more particular, the way in which the people suffering from road accidents have been classified could use some improvements. At present, the available dataset offers very scarce information on the age of the in jured without actually specifying a number of important details concerning the injured. The first detail that falls into the eye is the fact that there is no statistical data concerning the gender of the injured or yet, more importantly, their social status. While age is an important piece of information to consider, it gives little to no idea of what made the people in question neglect or fail to learn the basic rules of pedestrian safety or/and road regulations (National Roads Authority, 2000). Another obvious failure of the existing methods of gathering information on road accidents and road accident victims is the absence of injuries classification. On the one hand, the cases of road injuries have been split into the basic severe damage – light damage – death types; however, the information provided in the data set does not allow figuring out which organs are typically injured most in road accidents. For example, the existing data sets could also have an additional slot or even one more table that would provide the data on injury types, e.g., â€Å"head traumas: 70, hand breaches – 50, hand twists – 30,† etc. With the help of the given classification, one would be able to provide the measures that would address the injuries in question, therefore, being more specific and, as a result, more efficient (Saraee, Kerry, Lloyd Markey, n. d.). Improving the Data Issues: Ideas and Suggestions As the paragraph above shows, the data provided on the road traffic accidents and the injuries associated with these accidents, the information datasets definitely lack in certain types of information, such as the kind of injury that the victim of the accident suffered from, the gender of the victim, a more specific age classification, the classification according to the specifics of the victim’s social status, etc. In general, the statistical data provided by the corresponding organizations could clearly use a better nomenclature an d be much more diverse; in other words, the analysis of the existing data carried out by the corresponding state services could have been implemented in a much more impressive way. Therefore, to improve the data available from the online databases, one should analyze it more carefully and split it into more categories, so that more conclusions could be drawn from it. To start with, it is clear that the suggestion provided by the authors of the case study in question is not enough. On the one hand, it is important to have competent staff being able to address the most complicated cases of injuries in case of a road accident. However, as the results of the research show, in most cases, the death of the victim is inflicted by the careless, though hardly malicious, treatment of the witnesses of the accident. The given conclusion leads to the discovery that very few people, in fact, know what to do in case of road traffic accidents. Therefore, it is important to spread awareness concerni ng the actions to be taken in case of being a witness to a road accident. Once people are able to withdraw from doing unpremeditated harm to the victims, it will be easier for the medical staff to address the problem and help the victims efficiently. Reference List Bartley, G. P. (2008). Traffic accidents: Causes and outcomes. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers. Cacciabue, P. C. (2004). Guide to applying human factor methods: Human error and accident management in safety-critical systems. New York, NY: Springer. Gostin, L. O. (2010). Public health law and ethics: A reader. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Gurgaon doctor raises awareness on first aid for road accident victims (n. d.). Retrieved from http://ibnlive.in.com/shows/India-Positive/414286.html Gustavsson, P. (2008). New transportation research progress. New York, NY: Nova Publishers. Hoye, A. (2009). The handbook of road safety measures. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, Ltd. Kennedy-Smith, L. (2012). C rash! What you don’t know about driving can kill you! Victoria, CA: FriesenPress. Knoxville car accident prevention: Distracted driver awareness month (2013, April 10). Retrieved from tennesseeinjuryattorneyblog.com/2013/04/knoxville-car-accident-prevent.html National Roads Authority (2000). Road accident facts: Ireland 2000. Retrieved from nra.ie/Publications/DownloadableDocumentation/RoadSafety/file,3640,en.PDF Peden, M. M. (2008). World report on child injury prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization. RAS30001 – reported road casualties by road user type and severity, Great Britain, 2005–09 average, annual for latest 5 available years (2013, June 27). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/208625/ras30001.xls RAS30002 – reported casualties by road user type, age and severity, Great Britain, latest available year (2013, June 27). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/att achment_data/file/208639/ras30002.xls RAS30004 – Reported road casualties by road user type: Great Britain, quarterly and annual for latest 11 available years (2011). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/ras30-reported-casualties-in-road-accidents Road traffic injury prevention manual (2006). Geneva: World health Organization. Saraee, M., Kerry, J., Lloyd, M. Markey, C. (n. d.). Application of data mining: Case of road accidents in the UK West Midlands area. Retrieved from http://usir.salford.ac.uk/18821/1/Accident_2004.pdf

A Struggle for Identity in Shutter Island by Dennis Lehane

At the beginning of Clipper Island, Dennis Lehane, Teddy Daniels considered him himself Marshal of the United States, and was sent to Shutter Island with his partner Chuck. Island) Rachel Solando, a fugitive incident. Rachel Solando is said to be a very dangerous patient who murdered her three children. She escaped her cell somewhere on the psychiatric ward and the island somehow. If Teddy and Chuck jump into the desolated island with a ferry, they will be welcomed by indifference and doubt. Mental disorders may be associated with dangerous and harmful side effects. In Dennis Lane's Shutter Island, the effects of many mental illnesses are harmful to individuals. However, there are three more harmful and long-term effects. First of all, many people with poor sleep tend to feel difficulty due to mental state. In addition, psychosis often reacts individuals violently to emotional conditions. Most importantly, flashback and distorted memory are common when people's mental state is compro mised. Shutter Island is a thriller based on a novel written by Dennis Lehane. The story took place in the 1960s on a Shos island where a mental hospital called Ashecliff was used to imprison the most horrible criminal madman. Two policemen went to the island to investigate the missing prisoners in Word B. This movie focuses on the moral value of the perspective of various people. This movie is full of suspense shots and conversations. The audience may think that two police officers are trapped in the island, but the director has created more traces for the police. Dennis Lehane 's novel Shutter Island was first selected as Columbia Pictures in 2003. The company in Colombia did not take action on that option, but sold it to Lehane, Lehane sold it to Phoenix Pictures. Phoenix hired Laeta Kalogridis. Director Martin Scorsese and actor Leonardo DiCaprio were both fascinated by this project. Production began on March 6, 2008. Shutter Island was mainly filmed in Massachusetts State, Taun ton was the place of flashback scene of World War II. The old industrial building in the Wittennton Mills Complex in Taunton is a reproduction of Dachau concentration camp. Old Medfield State Hospital in Medfield, Massachusetts is also an important place. Cory's office is on the second floor of the evening church. Light shines from the window, it looks like sunlight. The staff painted the hospital brick wall as a plywood

Discussion for online Economics class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion for online Economics class - Essay Example Needs are the essentials and necessities of life. Based on Grover’s (2011) assertions, it is obvious that people can do without the media even though it makes life comfortable. Given the fact that media is considered as wants and not needs; the executives of such media aim at translating the wants into demand. The only way of attaining this aim is to increase the utility that consumers or the public derive from public media through involving them to be part of the fund drives. Participation of the public in fund drives will make them believe that they need to enjoy the services of the public media hence need to derive some utility (Frank & Bernanke, 2013). Nevertheless, there is a possibility that consumers will engage in rational spending. Rational spending rule involves reducing spending on the basis of increases in prices. Making the public media less public would mean that there will be increases in prices to meet the costs associated with disseminating information (Frank & Bernanke, 2013). Such increases will definitely drive away consumers on the basis of the rational spending rule. Whilst engaged in rational spending, consumers will aim at attaining the highest level of utility hence leveling the marginal utility of consumed products thus leading to aspects of income and substitution effects especially when they change from consuming media products (Frank & Bernanke,

Advanced Mathematics For Engineers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Advanced Mathematics For Engineers - Essay Example Maclaurin series is known as a special case of Taylor series expansion at x = 0. Through Maclaurin series, a combination of functions, say those which are exponential and trigonometric in nature, may be brought altogether to acquire algebraic representations. Leibnitz’ theorem – Leibnitz’s theorem is normally applied whenever numerical methods merely work for determining solutions of first order differential equations (DEs). In particular, by Leibnitz’s theorem, second order DEs may be solved through a process of successive differentiations wherein the nth differential coefficient of standard function can be obtained by performing a series of tasks with the product rule to arrive at the intended solution for Yn. Bessel’s and Legendre equations. Out of the studies made for the disturbances in planetary motion by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel emerged what came to be acknowledged in the early 19th century as the first systematic analysis of solutions to the equation given by: Such an equation is called a Bessel’s equation which varies in order depending on the real constant ‘v’. ... Moreover, this method had been of ample significance in the quantum mechanical model of the H-atom and is typically employed in areas of physics or engineering that tackle steady-state temperature within solid spherical objects involving the use of Laplace’s equation. Euler, and Runge – Kutta numerical differential equation methods. Both of the principles of applying Euler method and Runge – Kutta method are vital in solving DEs of the first order. With Euler method, on one hand, restrictions are set given initial values x0 and y0, and the range of ‘x’ within which the desired solution for ‘y’ is achieved upon a number of successive iterations that follow a simple form: f (a + h) = f (a) + h [ f ‘(a) ] Iterative use of this equation proceeds until one arrives at the intended value for ‘y’ that is accurate to the extent of decimal places specified. Similarly, the Runge-Kutta method is used for the same purpose of approx imating the ‘y’ to converge to a certain value, only this time, a couple of evaluation steps are required towards a higher degree of accuracy for the results. It is necessary herein to evaluate k-values (k1, k2, k3, and k4) which must be substituted into The numbers identifying each ‘k’, as well as the YP1 and the YC1 are tabulated for a specific range of Xn. (2) Consider for the range x = 1 to x = 1.5 in increments of .1, given the initial conditions that when x = 1, y = 2 Apply Euler Method to solve and graph the above problem Apply Euler –Cauchy Method to solve and graph the above problem Apply Runge - Kutta Method to solve and graph the above problem By Euler Method f(a + h) = f(a) + f(h) ---? y = y0 + h(y0’),

Explain the new Features of the New Deal Essay Example for Free

Explain the new Features of the New Deal Essay In October 1929 the Wall Street stock market crashed in New York and panic selling of shares caused a wave of bankruptcies, destroying all confidence in businesses and investors. The great Depression led to 13 million people being unemployed. President Hoover, the government did nothing at all to help the Americans, he didn’t even think of helping them rebuild the American economy. In 1932 president Roosevelt came into power in the presidential elections. He had many concerns and considerations for the Americans and the economy. The first stage of the act of the New Deal to put the US back to work and create jobs in 1933 he introduced the first Acts during the hundred days, which involved the creation of Alphabet Agencies to deal with the economic problems. By 1935, the Supreme Court thought some of the New Deal laws as interfering too much. , so then Roosevelts response was to introduce the second stage of reform- The second New Deal. The 3 aims of the New Deal were: Relief; Recovery and Reform. Which were introduced by Roosevelt- the three ‘R’s’. Relief was measures to help relieve the suffering of the unemployed. Recovery was to try to rebuild the depression-shattered economy and Reform was aimed to give workers better working conditions and fairer wages. The aim of the relief was achieved by the: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC); Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA); public works Administration (PWA); Home owners Loans Corporation (HOLC) and the works Progress Administration (WPA). The Civilian Conservation Act was set up to provide work for unemployed men under 25 years by encouraging them to work on projects in the countryside such as fish farming, planting trees and strengthening river banks. They also organised the army. The PWA stood for Public Works Administration, their aim was to use Unemployed unskilled workers to work on a large scale of public construction such as roads and bridges. The main part of the act was to set up public construction for the large scale building work, to build schools, hospitals and city halls. The FERA was set up to stop the threat of starvation that existed by making grants to local and state governments to help them give relief to the unemployed. Roosevelt thought that the right way to help the unemployed was to put them back to work after the threat of starvation was over instead of just giving them money. The HOLC stood for Home Owners Loans Corporation, the aim of this act was to ensure that people could continue to repay their mortgages. The government gave low interest rates to home owners to allow them to continue paying their mortgages until they were unemployed. The WPA stood for Works Progress Administration. Their aim was to find emergency short-term employment for unskilled workers in construction projects. The Acts that were part of the New Deal and helped with Recovery were: The Emergency Banking Act; the Securities Act; the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA); the National Recovery Administration (NRA) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The Emergency Banking Act aimed to solve the financial crisis after the Wall Street Crash by forcing all banks to remain close for 4 days. This actually worked and saved all the banks. The Securities Act was about providing full information about the companies issuing new shares, to the public. This established with a Securities and Exchange Commission in 1934 which was giving powers to control the activities of the stock market. It was the AAA’s duty to solve agriculture’s most serious problem which was over-production. Prices were low and farmers were unable to make a decent living. Roosevelt paid farmers to stop producing. The AAA gave the government power to destroy surplus food and give farmers compensation. The NRA stood for National Recovery Administration; they tried to create partnership between government and Industry to get rid of Child Labour, Long hours and Low pay. Each industry would agree an employment code with a government. The code was to guarantee workers fairer working conditions and wages. The TVA stood for Tennessee Valley Authority. The main parts of the act was to help encourage industry come to the hard hit valley and to build damn to use hydroelectric power of the river. Finally, there were parts of the New Deal that helped to reform the USA. They were: Collecting Bargaining; the Wagner Act and the social securities Act. Collective bargaining was where workers had the right to collective bargaining of wages. This gave an enormous boost to the trade unions. The Wagner act (1935) was the given right for workers to join the trade union which restored protection for the workers also. The Social Securities Act was introduced in 1935. This provided old age pensions, unemployment benefits and financial support for the handicapped. It was funded by contributions paid by workers, employers and the government. In Conclusion, when Roosevelt came into power he aimed to achieve relief, recovery and reform. The CCC, FERA, WPA and the HOLC. The emergency banking act, the Securities Act, NRA, AAA and the WPA achieved recovery. Collective Bargaining, Wagner Act and the Social Securities Act achieved reform. These Acts were all produced to help America by these 3 aims.

Rogerian Argument for Marijuana Legalization :: Cannabis Legalization Argumentative Essays

Rogerian Argument for Marijuana Legalization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cannabis plant has been the topic of much debate throughout the history of this country. Many people don't know that it was not the effect of cannabis that originally spurred its banning. It was actually originally the work of the cotton industry who put big money behind illegalization for the plant's mind altering effects. The cotton industry was afraid that hemp, a product of the cannabis plant, would soon overpower the strong hold of cotton since it was a more durable textile that required less work, less ground depletion, and could be grown almost anywhere. Since the time when cannabis first became illegal it has been grouped with other narcotics as a counterpart. The truth is cannabis has many benefits to society and other than the effects of smoke inhalation has very few negatives. Those against legalization try to put cannabis in the same light as other more potent drugs like cocaine and heroin. There are many misconceptions about the substance and it i s clear it should be looked at separately.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Those opposed to the legalization of the cannabis plant in a September 11th 2003 article claim that with legalization of cannabis will come further problems. They say that legalization would lead to greater drug use especially with children as well as drug trafficking from legalized areas. They claim the tobacco and alcohol cause enough problems and there is no reason to add a new product into the mix. The claim is also made that drugs such as cannabis lead to poverty, crime, and violence. They argue that although the drug war cannot be completely successful it is worth it to slow down drug trade and that truly very few people are brought up on a simple possession charge of cannabis. Finally they make the claim that if cannabis and other drugs were legalized it would prevent court ordered addiction treatment. I understand the basis of all these claims and understand where they come from. Many arguments are made generally about the legalization of all illegal drugs including cannabis and I do agree that drugs other than cannabis should be kept illegal for all the reasons listed above. Where I find fault with the expose is the unfair grouping of cannabis into the article.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First off it is important to understand the effects of cannabis use and its history. When smoking cannabis THC is the leading stimulant released.

Christians living

SOME nine hundred years ago, in 1096, the First Crusade was about to begin. If you had lived in Western Europe then, you might have witnessed large movements of men, wagons, horses, and ships. They were headed for Jerusalem, the holy city, which had been under the control of Muslims since the seventh century C. E. That was the first of the Crusades. Many historians list eight major ones. These expeditions scarred the history of East-West relations. They were accompanied by massacres and cruelty committed in the name of God and Christ. The last major Crusade began 174 years later, in 1270.The word â€Å"crusade† comes from the Latin word crux, which means â€Å"cross. † Members of the many expeditions sewed the symbol of the cross on their clothing. Why Crusades occurred? The declared motive for the Crusades was to take Jerusalem and the so-called holy sepulcher from the Muslims. But the causes ran deeper. Except for a few incidents, relations between the professed Chris tians living in the Middle East and the Muslims had been relatively calm. An important factor that led to the Crusades was the turbulent political, economic, and religious climate that prevailed in Europe.In the 11th century, new rural lands were being given over to agriculture, in an effort to increase food production. City areas were enjoying new life. The population was growing. However, when a famine plunged large numbers of peasants into poverty, many poured into the cities, where unemployment and misery awaited them. Protests often erupted. At the top of the social hierarchy were numerous feudal barons. These professional warlords wanted to take advantage of the political vacuum created by the breakup of Charlemagne’s empire and conquer new estates.The Church of Rome was also experiencing a period of turmoil. In 1054 it lost control of the Eastern Church. In addition, many of the clergy were being accused of immorality and of meddling in politics. In the course of time, other Crusades were mounted, the last in 1270. However, because of defeats, many began to doubt the legitimacy of such enterprises undertaken in the name of religion. If God really approved of these â€Å"holy† wars, they thought, he would certainly have favored those who claimed to act with his blessing.Yet, from the 13th century, church jurists tried to justify such religious wars and the clergy’s role in them. Durig those time and even until now, â€Å"People killing people in the name of religion in Northern Ireland has cost 2,079 lives in 12 years; 144 of those policemen,† says the Los Angeles Times. Though the basic issue is civil rights—the rights of the Catholic minority versus that of the Protestant majority—religion is deeply involved, and both sides have resorted to a militant solution.The country has been transformed â€Å"from a quiet backwater and stronghold of strict moral standards to a free-living, mid-20th century society, corru pted and changed by violent words and deeds,† writes Barry White in the Toronto Star. While, â€Å"activist priests have taken to carrying guns† in the north, according to Newsweek, Muslims in the south are fighting their ‘holy war’ against Catholic majority rule.Conclusion THOUGH the world at large appears to be at peace, â€Å"more than two dozen small wars flicker and rage around the globe . . . taking thousands of lives,† says an Associated Press dispatch. Closer examination reveals the â€Å"dismal truth that probably half or more of the wars now being fought around the world are either openly religious conflicts or involved with religious disputes,† says newspaper columnist C. L. Sulzberger. The said Crusade affects the people in the community and so made them have their own perception of the war. Some commented negatively about the crusaders and some agreed to their aims. Different opinions occur on to which they support.But the Crusade s and their failure should have taught that economic greed and desire for political prominence can lead to fanaticism and massacre. But the lesson has been ignored. The evidence lies in the many conflicts that have continued to stain many parts of our planet with blood. In these, religion often serves as a front for abominations. References Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, â€Å"What Do The Facts Show? †, 22 March, 1982, pp. 4-5. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, â€Å"Religion’s Role in Past Wars†, 22 April 1972, pp. 11-15.

Food for Thought Essay

The well known expression, you are what you eat, is even more true as we get on in years. If we had eaten the food that was good for us in our younger years, the chances of staying healthy longer will improve as we get older. Also, the likelihood of maintaining a high quality of life throughout our senior years increases. Reading nutrition columns in newspapers and magazines or from other media sources is a good way to keep updated of current food and health related discoveries. How can we be able to estimate and gauge the truthfulness of scientific studies about food? Linda Kulman gives us good advice about how to do just that in her article, Food News Can Get You Dizzy, So Know What to Swallow. I believe that for a person to be able to make healthy dietary choices a person needs to be educated as to the credibility of healthy dietary options. Primarily, to achieve and maintain good health, food from all the major food groups should be eaten in proper proportion and regularly. Therefore, no one food is able to maintain good health when eaten alone. For instance, â€Å"No foods are so good that if you ate them to the exclusion of all else, you would be healthy,† says M. R. C. Greenwood, a biologist and chancellor of the University of California-Santa Cruz (Kulman, 2012, p. 141). Making the correct dietary choices was, and continues to be a difficult one. Confusion can turn to frustration when many reports and studies contradict each others findings. Canada’s Food Guide to Healthy Eating will give us the basics on what constitutes a healthy diet. The food guide basically recommends to eat in moderation and to eat a large variety of foods. The flip-flops of nutritional recommendations by the scientific community are causing bewilderment with many people who are trying to achieve and maintain a good healthy diet. Furthermore, the tale of fiber and its claimed shielding effect against colon cancer show how uncertain science can lead to confusion. Fiber helps food go through the digestive track faster, reducing the time carcinogens make contact with your intestinal walls. Studies of high fiber eating population and experiments with mice and rats resulted in giving the fiber hypothesis some credibility. Even though the evidence for higher fiber consumption reducing cancer risk remained uncertain, in 1984 the American Cancer Society made its first specific recommendation to eat fiber to help prevent colon cancer. Researchers with the Nurses Health Study in Boston tracked the diets and health of more than 88,000 American female nurses since 1980 and found that nurses who ate about 30 grams of fiber a day got colorectal cancer just as often as the average American, who consumes just 13 grams (Kulman, 2012, p. 143). Two additional study results showed that eating more fiber does not reduce the risk of getting colon cancer. These studies show that there was no significant difference of colon cancer risk between man and women. Researchers continue to suspect that whole fruits and vegetables as well as whole grains are protective against colon cancer. In conclusion, the fiber story is an example of how reporting results of scientific food studies while the studies are incomplete, can lead to many people becoming discouraged from believing future reported food study findings. Usually the cause of such distortions is the incompatibility between the needs of science and those of the News Media. â€Å"The way a lab finding makes its way to the headlines is like a conveyor belt,† explains the Statistical Assessment Service’s Murray. â€Å"At each step there is a potential distortion. Where science is contingent and unfinished, journalists want something definitive (Kulman, 2012, p. 143). The most frequent complaints about news reports is that they tend to leave out information that would help readers decide how seriously to take a new finding. The News Media should not be the only one to take the blame for the reporting of incorrect information about study findings. Scientist can get very enthusiastic when reporting their findings to the News Media and can easily be misinterpreted as to the significance of their findings. Scientists are often motivated to embellish their claims to get greater attention and more research funding. This is an unfortunately situation for those of us attempting to make an informed choice for a healthy diet.

Amethyst essays

Amethyst essays The name for the mineral amethyst comes from the Greek word amethustos which means not drunken. In the first century a famous Greek god wrote that amethyst was named for its color being nearly the same as the color of wine. Early Greeks believed that drinking wine from an amethyst cup would prevent intoxication, or getting drunk. Amethyst is a purple gemstone. Iron and manganese compounds or impurities cause this purple coloration. The purple color of amethyst is due to small amounts (approximately 40 parts per million) of iron (Fe4+) impurities at certain areas in the crystal structure of quartz. The difference between amethyst and citrine is only the Oxidation State of the iron impurities in the quartz. When heated, the iron impurities are reduced and the amethyst's purple color fades and becomes yellow to reddish-orange (citrine), green, or colorless depending on the area and the original oxidation state of the iron impurities currently and the amount and time of the heating. The amethystine color usually can come back by irradiation, which re-oxidizes the iron impurities. The process can be done in a laboratory, but not often and when done is very difficult to tell that the mineral is synthetic. The color can also come back by a natural process of decomposing of a nearby radioactive mineral. This is mostly a reversible process, but constant heating can change the distribution of the iron impurities at different sites within the quartz making it impossible to convert it back to amethyst by post irradiation. The heating process can occur naturally or synthetically. Its known to be one of the most valuable quartz stones and its also known to be high in price. Amethyst is readily available in all sizes and shapes. Amethyst is made out of crystalline quartz. Crystalline quartz is a dichroic crystal and if the quartz is heated it will change the color of the mineral into yellow, creating another gemstone or mineral called c...

Management report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management report - Essay Example The information derived will thus be used by the company to formulate its marketing strategy to enter the developing markets. The company has decided to cater to the need of a specific customer target (niche market) as this will assist in entering and penetrating that particular market. First and foremost task of Connection will be to envisage its corporate goal and this will later on be segregated into SMART objectives which will have to be achieved within the predetermined time period. Later on, the marketing strategies will be developed to achieve the corporate goal. The management of the company will then formulate a development plan to decide the manner in which the marketing process will be conducted in the target market. Operation plan will then be framed to decide the marketing activities. This will be followed by the cost related activities after which the marketing budget of the company will be finalised. Connection is a company that plans to operate in the mobile manufacturing sector. Though UK is its country of origin, it is more focussed on the developing markets. A proper understanding of the needs and demands of the target customer base is thereby required so that the product range can be modified accordingly. The mission statement is framed in alignment with its vision. According to it, the company will produce such handsets that possess high economic value. The technology used in such handsets will be of international level. The company will ensure that quality is not compromised at any cost and that the products are friendly and easy to operate. Connection strongly believes that environment is one of the vital stakeholders in the company; hence the products and the technology used by Connection will be environment friendly. The mission statement of the company is also focused in developing an organisational culture where the employees will feel themselves to be an integral part of the

Cross ultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cross ultural Management - Essay Example We can therefore clearly differentiate the different components of this concept that is; have, think, and do. The three components are very much connected and hence hard to clearly separate them. Language, food or dresses have been viewed as external products of the term culture. Beyond this external layer, we find culture in an invisible way. This includes society’s deeper values and norms which are quite difficult to identify. Characteristics The code of conduct among people of a given society differs from culture to culture. This is true to a small-homogenous society where gender, age, religion and ethnicity could show differences in culture. A good example is one person from a rich family compared to a second of same gender but from a poor family. The two individuals might show cultural differences in terms of values and behavioural expectations. Culture delineates different groupings and society units on the basis of similar ways of seeing and interacting with the whole w orld. According to Willcoxson and Millet (2000), adaptive patterns of behaviours in a given society generate new beliefs which can be recognised. Behaviours, values and beliefs, and their related rituals and myths over time have a great effect on the main assumption of the concept of culture. It gives people a great sense of belonging through collective identity other than defining individual characteristics. It defines a given group based on their similarities rather than differences (Bendrups 2008). Songs and dances Ceremonial performances are core aspects of culture. Related ceremonies including songs and dances can bring different cultural characteristics together. Songs and dances were very specific on every occasion including special occasions. Up to date, songs and dances remain a vital and part of the aboriginal life and customs (Chirwa 2001). They are therefore considered special and sacred. They are performed and composed for different ceremonies such as burial and wedding s. In some past instances, both old and young men were positioned in one group where as old women and young girls formed a different group. Most of them would paint their bodies with ochre in a moonlit and flickering camp fires stage. Men would carry spears with them and their dances where more vigorous compared to women and young girls. At present, ceremonial dress and ornamentation are worn when dances and songs are performed by different groups (McIntosh 2006). The old didgeridoo which is a wind instrument is commonly considered the main instrument of Australian Aborigines. It originated from North Queensland, and is now played in many communities in Australia differently. Therefore, diversity and complexity of cultural and spiritual practices exists among Aboriginal communities in Australia. Song and dance form an important part of culture today and though practiced by only a small number of contemporary societies, for most Aboriginal people they remain a significant part of cer emonies (Willcoxson and Millet 2000). The importance of songs and dances is demonstrated by people travelling long distances to learn new songs in exchange for goods. All people who demonstrate greater talent than others members of the aboriginal societies are normally awarded and honoured. Aboriginal religion and the beliefs which early investigators learnt about from ancient Aboriginal informants were different from Christian beliefs and practices. According to Bendrups (2008), during

Contract law exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contract law exam - Essay Example Mistake is another vitiating factor and it has be operative in order to render a contract void or voidable At common law it will render the contract void ab initio and nullify any property passed or obligations created.Mistake at equity may make the contract voidable for mistake which means that the contract has an option of being avoided and will be The law relating to mistake is not statutory and can be inferred from a number of case law.It has often been stated that the categorization of the types of mistake etc is confusing and should be reformed.The effect of mistake is that if the contract is void at law then the there is no remedy of specific performance available either.(Nutt v Read (1999) The Times, December 3.) Consideration is an integral part of a contract essentially what really makes an agreement a fully enforceable contract.It has been defined in many case law authorities such as the statement of Lush J. in Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Exch 153: " some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party, or some forebearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other."Another has been given by Frederick Pollock, approved by Lord Dunedin in Dunlop v Selfridge Ltd [1915] AC 847, is as follows:"An act or forebearance of one party, or the promise thereof, is the price for which the promise of the other is bought, and the promise thus given for value is enforceable." Consideration is called "executory" where there is an exchange of promises to perform acts in the future and if one party makes a promise in exchange for an act by the other party, when that act is completed, it is executed consideration.The court will however not inquire into the quantity or value of consideration here (Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1959] 2 All ER 701.).Secondly the law as it stands requires that the consideration must move from the promisee or that it was provided for him.Finally it does not have to move to the promisor.(Price v Easton (1833) 4 B & Ad 433). . Books consulted Gibson, A & Fraser, D 2007, Business Law, 3rd edition, Pearson Education, Australia D.G.Cracknell(2001)Obligations; Contract Law ,Old Bailey

Cross-Cultural Interactions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cross-Cultural Interactions - Essay Example Cross-cultural interactions between 500 and 1500 CE The period between 500 CE and 1500 CE saw the emergence of various cross-cultural events that are crucial in understanding world history. These cross-cultural interactions had significant socio-economic and political ramifications for all the societies that were involved. Previous centuries had seen a long period of instability in major societies such as China, Southwest Asia, Mediterranean and India. During 500 CE, the aforementioned societies were faced with a need to restore social and political order. This stability was to be provided by empires that were well established which were Tang, Abbasid and Byzantine from China, Southwest Asia and eastern Mediterranean respectively. These empires commanded order over vast territories and had economies that were very powerful. Core to cross-cultural interactions was the spread of major religions. In particular, Islam spread across India, North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. Another religion that played a vital role in bringing about cross-cultural interactions was Buddhism, which alongside with Confucianism spread from China via Korea to Vietnam. This period was also characterized with the spread of Christianity in the northern and the western part of Europe (Bently pg753). The beginning of 1000 CE and subsequent years saw a quick change in cultures throughout the world. Kingdoms and states became more centralized and cross-cultural interactions increased tremendously.... Kingdoms and states became more centralized and cross-cultural interactions increased tremendously. In America, this is the period that led to the emergence of Andean, Mayan and Mississippian cultures. European renaissance, which is a major event in world history, occurred during this period. In addition, great empires and centralized states such as the Mongol empire in Asia emerged during this period. However, during the 14th century, cross-cultural interactions decreased tremendously following the demise of many participants in long-distance trade through bubonic plague. The Europeans and the Chinese were major culprits as they lost millions of people to the epidemic. The cross-cultural interactions did not die completely. The 15th century was a period when the western Europeans became prominent due to the wealth they had amassed from cross-cultural encounters with various societies. This prominence set standards for their part in influencing major undertakings in various parts of the world even in the modern world (Bently pg766). Significance of the Cross-Cultural Interactions The conquests and trading activities that were carried out by Muslim states led to a remarkable distribution of food and crops throughout Asia, which resulted to growth of population and increased food production in Europe, China and North Africa. Long distance trade was an aspect of culture that developed during this period. This trade brought major implications in culture and religion. Merchants carrying out this trade traversed various societies and cultural regions whereby they integrated with new communities. These merchants played a major role in the establishment of religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism in Asia, Christianity in Asia and Islam in some parts

I Have A Dream Speech

I Have A Dream Speech Martin Luther King astounded America with his historic I have a dream speech. His demand for racial justice and a unified society became mantra for the black community and is as known to successive American generations as the US Declaration of Independence. In his speech, King stresses upon equality and presents his dream of an ideal non-racist community. The speech is divided into two halves. The first half shows the picture of seeing American nightmare of racial injustice rather than an idealized American dream. It then makes a demand for action and set some goals to achieve. The second half of the speech describes the dream of a better future racial integrity and equilibrium. King has a very sophisticated voice in the speech. He makes his speech effective by using several large and descriptive words rather than short and direct words. All around the speech, King uses various metaphors such as America has given the Negro a bad check. The speech is directed towards Kings fellow Americans. All over the speech, King make use of the words, our and we when he refers to others. This shows that he is not speaking specifically to the white or black Americans, but to the country as a whole. This is supported by, must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ their destiny is tied to ours, and in the line we cannot talk alone. To increase the rhetorical effect in his speech, King uses a rhetorical device, anaphora in which words are repeated at the beginning of neighboring clauses. A pattern is set by repeating the words twice, and further repetitions signify the sequence and increase rhetorical effect. For instance, I have a dream is repeated in eight successive sentences. Moreover, King has made the clever use of repetition of key theme words throughout the body of his speech. For example king has used key words like freedom, we, our, nation, America justice and dream, to highlight important themes he has tried to discuss in his speech. In addition to above, King has made extensive use of allusions in order to make his speech more credible. He starts his speech with five score years ago à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which refers to Abraham Lincolns famous speech which began similarly, Four score and seven years ago à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This allusion is particularly emotional given that King was speaking at the front of Lincolns Memorial. His fourth paragraph, Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is a reference to US Declaration of Independence. To provide moral basis of his arguments, King uses numerous Biblical allusions. The allusion in the second paragraph, It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity, refers to Pslams, For his anger is but for a moment; his favor is for a lifetime. Weeping may linger for the night, but joy comes with the morning. [30:5] Further in the eighth paragraph, the allusion Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of hatred a nd bitterness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ alludes Jermiah for my people have committed two evils: they have forsaken me, the fountain of living water, and dug out cisterns for themselves, cracked cisterns that can hold no water. [2:13] King provides numerous geographic references like Mississippi, Georgia, Albama, California, etc. throughout his speech. Mississippi is mentioned on four different occasions; King has a logic and purpose behind this. He wants to evoke some of the strongest emotions and images for his audience relating to various incidents that would have taken place at the above mentioned places. Additionally, King uses generic geographic references like, slums and ghettos of our northern cities, the south, from every mountainside, and from every village and every hamlet, thus making his message more inclusive. To associate his speech concepts with concrete images and emotions, King has used Metaphors. For example, to contrast separation with racial justice, King uses the contrasting metaphors of dark and desolate valley (of separation) and sunlit path (of racial justice). He used metaphors in paragraph two, joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity, at paragraph three, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity, at paragraph six, rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice, at paragraph seven, This sweltering summer of the Negros legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality, and at paragraph nineteen, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. Despite all the rhetorical devices King has used, what makes his speech strong is his focus on the problems he confronted. For instance, at the start of second of the speech, in answer to the question from his cynics, When will you be satisfied? King launches a rhetorical pattern, We can never be satisfied until followed by list of injustices that King wished to see abolished, including, barbarism, separation, and neglect of voter rights. He left no stone unturned in listing critical problems that African-American faced. Secondly, the power of his speech lies in the captivating vision of justice, equality, and brotherhood, that King cast in his speech. Here the rhetorical waves start with the popular, I have a dream, followed by gripping articulations of Kings vision of racial impartiality and justice: I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed Thirdly, the strength of Kings words lie in the non-violent methods he purposed. Although King and his followers faced serious injustice, and there was a great difference between reality and vision King advocated, he remained unshaken in his commitment to non-violence. For example, in the seventh paragraph, King said, We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence.   Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.   Carefully choosing the language and structure of his speech, King left little room for weaknesses. Although King focused his speech primarily for the rights of black Americans, the message is all logical. He talks about nothing controversial in his speech neither does he degrade white Americans. He speaks for the best interests of everyone. This is why his speech is still considered so important by the Americans. Part of an extensive black movement, King challenged the white Americans to extend their claims of genuine freedom to his people. Moreover, King used all his means to inspire black Americans to believe in genuine freedom for themselves. The primary message from the speech was equality. America now bears the slogan of the message he gave decades back and black Americans are better than ever in the American society. (Word Count approx. 1200)

Comparing Japan And American Food Markets :: essays research papers

Comparing Japan and American Food Markets The Japanese Market has become vital to the U.S. Economy. Japan is the number one export market for the United States. In 1993, Japan accounted for 37.6 percent of the total growth in U.S. value-added exports. U.S. food products, in particular, are a huge market in Japan. American agricultural exports to Japan in 1993 were $8.7 billion. About one-third of Japanese agricultural imports come from the United States. However, there is sometimes a mixed reception in Japan regarding products from the United States. Japanese, on one hand, wish to do things "American" ever since the Second World War. But, on the other hand, U.S. products are perceived as less sophisticated than Japanese and European food products, in product formulation or packaging. Also, U.S. products are considered not as safe as domestics ones, due to the use of pesticides and chemical additives and the partiality of the Japanese consumer to purchase Japanese items. The reason for the large volume of exporting to Japan is due to United State's comparative advantages. Food products are very expensive to produce in Japan. Japan's current labor shortage, combined with import restrictions and domestic price stabilization programs, have driven up domestic production costs. The Japanese food consumption pattern consist of an openness to foreign products and a strong interest in things international. All types of international cuisine can be found in Japan. Many varieties of tropical and imported fruits, such as Florida grapefruit, California cherries, New Zealand kiwifruit, and Hawaiian papayas are readily available in supermarkets and department stores, as are imported alcoholic beverages ranging from Kentucky bourbon and Chinese beer to Russian vodka and California sake. Japanese food consumption is marked by short-term trends. For example, Korean and Mexican food became popular a few years ago and then unpopular. There have also been Italian and Spanish food booms. The Japanese economic recession has shifted the focus of many consumers to the more affordable neighborhood restaurants that feature traditional Japanese dishes. This has made consumers price conscious at grocery counters, which benefits cheaper imported goods. As a result, imported foods account for over half of Japan's average annual caloric intake. Moreover, with Japanese agriculture contracting, Japan's reliance on (and openness toward) imported food products will continue to increase. Conclusion In the future, the United States may no longer be considered to have a comparative advantage for food products in Japan. Countries in the western Pacific are likely to provide stiff competition for the U.S., due to the shorter shipping distances and the ease of conducting long-distance business from with in neighboring time zones. Offshore investment for processing exporting

African American and American Society Essay

Is Racism a Permanent feature of American Society? Derrick Bell argues in this issue that the prospects for achieving racial equality in the United States are â€Å"illusory for Blacks. Bell reminds us despite the fact of the progress of blacks in United States; the legacy of slavery has left a portion of the race â€Å"with life-long poverty and soul devastating despair†. Bell believes that race consciousness is so imbedded in whites that it is virtually impossible to rise above it. He also argues that â€Å"few whites are able to identify with blacks as a group† and tend to view blacks through â€Å"comforting racial stereotypes†. Bell feels strongly that critical and proper examination of the history of black-white relations supports his conclusion that racism is a permanent feature of American Society. Bell makes some good point about racism in the American society today. The fact that the psychical part of racism is gone does not mean that racism as permanently left American Society. The fact that racism still â€Å"exist† is does not reflect on blacks’ success any longer. Majority of whites had a head start because their generation of success goes so many years back, were as for blacks success was not allowed at a point in time. Blacks have come a long ways over the years but there is still racial discrimination that â€Å"affects† the black population. Dinesh D’Souza does not agree with Bell, he believes that racism is not a permanent Strain of fabric in the American Society. D’Souza distinguishes between racial discrimination that is â€Å"irrational, motivated by bigotry† and which is â€Å"rational from the point of view of the discriminator. † D’Souza admits that such discrimination may be harmful to individual blacks but he rejects any casual linkage between the lagging indicators of blacks’ overall progress with racial discrimination. He believes race is a diminishing force within American society, D’Souza argues that factors other than racial discrimination are the sources of lagging process toward the American Dream. D’Souza reasoning for blacks not achieving more in America is because blacks fail to observe and embrace certain cultural norms of the dominant American Society. He implies that those who are successful exhibit cultural values that promote success. He states blacks need to place a much greater emphasis on overcoming cultural barriers rather than continuing to assert that race is being held by a persistent racism that afflicts America. Black’s generation has come a long way in American Society. Racism shouldn’t be the excuse for the failure in African American success when in 1919- current we have African American first. Slavery started around 1808 and ended in 1865 due to Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation. Racism was still in effect because the fact that blacks had rights was new. Still in all there were blacks who succeed shortly after that time. Madame C. J. Walker was the first African American female who was a self-made millionaire. In 1893 Dr. Daniel Hale Williams was the first black to perform open heart surgery. In 1908 Jack Johnson was the First African-American world heavyweight Champion. In 1993 Toni Morrison was the first African-American to win the Nobel Prize for literature. In 2009 Barack Obama was the first black president of the United States, with the support of some whites. Racism still is â€Å"permanent† due to history but it is not an excuse for Blacks not becoming successful. Derrick bell major argument is that blacks are faced at the bottom of the well. Bell exclaims despite undeniable progress for many, no African American is insulated from incidents of racial discrimination. He states because of our color we are threaten through our lives, careers. Dinesh D’Souza states racism undoubtedly exists, but it no longer has the power to thwart blacks or any other group in achieving their economic, political, and social aspirations. The arguments relates to the overall theme because yes, racism still occurs but it should not pun Blacks from achieving their aspiration. Bell major point is as a Black he experiences the racism. Blacks can work in a white community and experience racism because whites fear the superiority of blacks. D’Souza points out in his argument that racism is the least bit worries blacks should have, when there are black on black crime occurring. Racism should not be such an excuse for â€Å"underclass† blacks not achieving their goals. D’Souza points out the facts where African Americans now live in a country where black man, Colin Powell, who three decades ago could not be served in restaurants, is now a Joint chief staff. Also a white man who supported the nomination of Clarence Thomas, a black man married to a white, for the Supreme Court. D’Souza question is if white racism controls the density of blacks today, how one segment of black community has prospered so much over the past generation. Some unsupported claims in bells argument was he says, â€Å"Modern discrimination is, moreover, not practiced indiscriminately. † Bell implies whites idolize black athletes and entertainers but refuse to hire and work with blacks. Bell also states whites who number individuals blacks among their closest friends approve, or do not oppose, practices that bar selling or renting homes or apartments in their neighborhood to blacks they do not know. Then in his argument he also states that most hotels and restaurants, who offer black patrons courteous treatment, uniformly reject black job applicants. Bell defense for this was â€Å"When did you last see black waiter in a really good restaurant†. These are unsupported claims because this may be true but there are no proven facts that racist is the cause of these arguments. In D’Souza arguments there were not any unsupported claims really found. D’Souza stated his arguments and had accurate information to support his defense. D’Souza makes great points and has a lot of validity in his arguments. He states if blacks are going to reform their community, they have a right to expect that they will be treated equally under law. Hypothetically speaking D’Souza implies if blacks were refused hire on every baseball team in America, blacks would suffer most because they would be denied the chance to play professional baseball. Fans would also suffer because the quality of games would diminish. He says â€Å"But what if a few team-say the New York Yankees and the Los Angeles Dodgers- refused to hire blacks? † African Americans has a group would hardly suffer at all, because they would offer there service to other teams. D’Souza saying the Yankees and the Dodgers would suffer a great deal, because they would be deprived of the chance to hire talented blacks’ players. Eventually the competitive pressure would force those teams to either hire blacks or suffer losses in games and revue. Then he makes another valid point he referenced from Gary Becker pointed out, in free market, selective discrimination imposes the heaviest cost on the discriminator where it should be. Some whites will undoubtedly discriminate against blacks but with deal with them because of the law and taste for profit. *Dinesh D’Souza is an Indian American conservative political commentator, public intellectual and current president of the King’s College in New York City. He graduated from Dartmouth College, where he graduated with a B. A. in English. D’Souza also published a book in 2007 called The Enemy at home: the cultural left and its responsibility for 9/11. In his argument D’Souza used government documents, books, articles and oral very frequently. D’Souza would state his opinion and have facts and documents to support his defense. No, the reading did not significantly add to my knowledge because these are issues that has been discussed for many years. In the article I did learn some new ways of thinking of Racism. This article did broaden my thoughts with the factual evidence the authors used to support their defense. I would recommend this article to be read to those who do not have a clear understanding of the term racism. The subject that was focus on in this case study is racism a permanent feature of American Society? The case study focused on political, social and economic issues. Bell argued blacks will never gain full equality in American and D’Souza argued that blacks have equality and racism is not important issue blacks should be worried about in today society.